Emang sih pengorbanan yang dilakukan sama ortu gag sampe kek yang dilakukan sama Minato sama Kushanagi (ortunya Naruto) yang sampe berjuang mati-matian sampe mati beneran buat nyegel Rubah Ekor Sembilan ke tubuhnya Naruto ..cuman berasa banget klo dukungan besar mereka berdua selama ini ke saya pribadi.

Saya inget banget pas awal-awal mau kelulusan,,belum lulus sih sebenernya waktu itu,, tapi gag tau saya udah parno klo nti takut setelah lulus jadi pengangguran,,jadi inget saat-saat di lab Fakultas Hukum..sendirian ngirimin CV dan Transkrip Nilai Sementara ke beberapa perusahaan..mulai dari perusahaan Telekomunikasi sampe Perusahaan Minuman Berkabornasi..

Trus dari sekian banyak email yang dibales cuman 1 , yang satu isinya penolakan dari sebuah perusahaan software house yang cukup ternama ..”mohon maaf perusahaan kami tidak menerima lulusan di bidang minat jaringan komputer..”

Cuman ternytaa ada juga email yang nyangkut ke salah satu perusahaan ISP yang baru buka cabang di Bali..intinya saya dapet panggilan untuk wawancara.. Saya inget banget waktu itu H-2 wawancara saya sakit,,sama ortu sampe dibela2in dibawa ke dokter sampe 2 kali..biar saya tetep bisa ikut wawancara..

Trus karena masih agak lemes,,pas wawancara juga di anterin,,bukan cuman sama salah satu dari mereka,,malah di anterin satu keluarga..ada papa,mama,trus adik2 saya yang kek tuyul 2 ekor.., sampe di kantor tempat wawancara..mereka semua nunggu di mobil (saya kiranya begitu,,eh ternyata mereka malah enak2an nonton & keliling2 di museum Kerang )..btw tetep bangga sama mereka semua.. terlepas dari isi wawancara yang kacau banget..gila aja..saya kuliah susah2..masak disuruh manjat2.. begitu ditanya2 tentang manjat2..saya langsung bilang ” gag mau tau pak..pokoknya saya takut ketinggian”..Nah udah keliatan deh keknya hasil wawancaranya..

Tapi tetep aja mereka berdua (papa & mama) ngasih semangat pas di mobil..yang terus  habis itu malah di ajak makan di Mall Bali Galeria..

Pengalaman berikutnya pas saya bingung dalam persimpangan, apakah terus ngikutin program beasiswa ikatan dinas jadi dosen yang ditawarkan oleh almamater saya atau mengambil kesempatan bergabung dengan sebuah Bank berplat merah.. Mereka berdua tetep ngasih support yang luar biasa.. Papa bantu ngasih pandangan2 coz dia pribadi udah tau rasanya jadi dosen PNS selama hampir 20 tahun..Trus mama, yang saya tahu sebenernya lebih suka kalo saya tetep ngelanjutkan sekolah..tapi tetep mendukung keputusan saya.. Bahkan sampe hari keberangkatan ke Ibu Kota untuk memulai pendidikan bersama Bank Berplat Merah,,Mama sampe gag tega ikut nganter ke Bandara.. Di jalan Papa cerita kalo Mama masih belum tega ngelepas saya,,beliau sebenernya pengen saya melanjutkan sekolah dulu baru mulai bekerja..

Yang membuat saya lebih bangga dengan beliau berdua berawal ketika ada sebuah kejadian setelah 2 minggu mengikuti pendidikan yang membuat hati saya juga jadi miris.. Pagi itu saya dapet email dari HP Tercinta yang isinya adalah Surat Lamaran Saya ke Universitas Twente di Belanda diterima.. Shock banget rasanya, coz dulu emang sih sebelum lulus sempet ngurus2 beasiswa admission ke Twente,,cuman saya gag yakin klo bakal bisa diterima..coz skor TOEFL saya memang tidak memadai..skor yang dibutuhkan 575 sedangkan skor TOEFL saya hanya 517, namun karena saran Papa,,tetep aja saya lanjutkan dan kirimkan berkas2 admission tersebut.

Setelah baca email baik2,,saya kirim sms ke ortu dua2nya..trus yang pertama kali Nelpon adalah Mama..yang membuat saya bangga adalah beliau malah menyemangati untuk tetap melanjutkan pendidikan yang sedang saya jalani sekarang..padahal saya tahu betul bahwa keinginan dan cita2 beliau adalah agar saya bisa lanjut S2 ..apalagi di luar negeri.. terakhir malah beliau yang wanti2 dan menyemangati saya untuk terus melanjutkan pendidikan jangan terpengaruh dan menyesali kesempatan yang tidak bisa di ambil.. Sempet sedih juga waktu denger Mama bilang “sayang ya qta gag punya duit banyak buat bayar denda kamu keluar,,kalo enggak kan kamu bisa lanjut sekolah S2 di luar negeri”..yah apa boleh buat,,Tuhan Sudah Mengatur Jalanyang lain untuk saya..

Tiba-tiba aja kenangan atas peristiwa2 di atas keinget lagi pas baca naruto cahpter 504..fiuuhh,, Makasih ya Mama & Papa.. Proud Become Your Son..

I don’t know if the changes is becouse of me or other reason , but I felt there is a change about her response from some of our conversation.

Maybe just my fellings about the changes but there is strong reason made me believe that is some changes about her to me. Sometimes in our conversation she encourage me to more taft and stronger..give me some reason to made me believe that i had in right way..Now i have felt if she just satle mince to me..just response my conversation in little words..there is no more story about her interest experiance and debate about our principle..

Hmm maybe the changes indeed about my statements..but i think it is just a statements that I have say to her..and there is no regret about it. I won’t be cheated again.. I must tell her about my thoughts.

I am sorry if about my statements which is have  made her not comfot..i did not mean to do that..

Flashback again from time that I accepted on Officer Development Program Mandiri Bank (one of  biggest Indonesia State Bank) , I know that must to be hard becoming a student again on really..really new subjects. My background study is computer science that is far..far away from subject that now I must studied, Banking System.

I took all of these experience for my future.. I know that I can.. Hope this is the best way for me and my future.

Pada saat menjalani serangkaian test ODP, saya sudah bernazar kalo seandainya lulus, bakal nulis pengalaman saya selama mengikuti test dengan harapan temen2 yang juga sedang mengikuti atau hendak mengikuti tes ODP memiliki sedikit gambaran.

Buat temen2 yang mampir ke blog ini dengan tujuan untuk mencari kita dan tips ODP mandiri..saya mohon maaf sebelumnya karena harus membaca postingan saya yang terlalu bertele-tele ini (itupun kalo pada mau mbaca..wkwkwk)

Ok gini ceritanya..selang waktu setelah ujian TA dan pada saat yudisium, pak Kajur meminta hal yang saya cita-citakan dari dulu..”Dit,, besok kamu masuk hari senin udah pake pakaian resmi yach..udah ganti statusnya jadi dosen magang” ..wah..asyik-asyik..lulus gak pake nganggur langsung masuk kerja..jadi dosen lagi..hihihi..

Flashback sedikit..dari Jurusan Ilmu Komputer Universitas Udayana (UNUD), saya adalah angkatan pertama..dan pada saat periode wisuda ke 90 UNUD kemaren barenag dengan temen Dewa Made Bayu Atmaja Darmawan jadi mahasiswa yang pertama lulus dari Jurusan Ilmu Komputer UNUD..sekaligus rekan saya tersebut berhasil jadi lulusan terbaik untuk S1 periode wisuda ke 90 UNUD..wah bangga rek..(anjrit IPK cuman selisih 0,09)..So pas yudisium saya masih inget, dari Jurusan Ilmu Komputerlah yg paling sdikit lulusannya cman 2 ekor..lantas pak kajur bilang ” ya emang jurusan ikut KB, 2 anak cukup”..wkwkwkwk..

Selama menjalani jadi dosen 1 minggu awal sih rasanya enak..nyante..hahaha..malah sempet ikut seminar di Bali Beach..dapet makan gratis..

Nah hari itu tepat hari senin, kalo gak salah jam 10 pagi deh..saya dapet sms yang sendernya “Bank Mandiri” yang isinya panggilan utk walk in interview ODP bank mandiri hari rabu di jalan veteran no.1 .. Dalam hati..” nih iseng banget sih orang buat sms kayak gini buat ngerjain orang”,,tapi kok ya penasaran juga coz sendernya bukan no hp tapi tulisannya “bank mandiri”..

Iseng-iseng besok pagi ke jalan mandiri di jalan veteran No.1, udah dengan PeDenya parkir motor trus nanya ke satpam ” Pak saya dapet sms kayak gini nih (sambil nunjukin smsnya)..dimana ya saya bisa liat pengumumannya ya?” trus pak satpam bilang “adik..ini bukan veteran no.1.. noo tuh di depan sebelah pengkolan kantornya”…hihi rada malu juga sih..ok habis blang makasih langsung menuju motor..ealah baru mau naikin motor..disamperin lagi sma bapak satpamnya..” Dik..dik..gimana tuh caranya daftar ikutan ODP bank mandiri?” ealah pak..saya ni juga lagi bingung koq..koq isa dapet panggilan interview dari bank mandiri..

Singkat crita setelah nyampe di jalan veteran no.1, rada heran juga sih..coz di papan pengumuman emang ada nama saya disitu Urutan no.18 (angka kesayangan saya nih) Arnoldus Aditya Subiyanto,S.Kom ..wah bener nih nama saya..trus saya nanya ma satpamnya utk nyari info lebih lanjut..”langsung aja ke atas pak coba ditanyakan sama HRD di lantai 2″ ,,ya udah tanpa ba bi bu langsung deh ke atas..sampe di atas ternyata HRD lagi rapat..celingak..celinguk..eh ternyata ada orang di ruang operator..”Mbak..mbak permisi saya mau mencari informasi mengenai ODP bank mandiri”..singkat cerita mbak tadi njelasin..kalo ODP mandiri itu jalur rekriutment bank mandiri untuk officer..trus mengenai saya yang gak daftar tapi kok dapet panggilan interview..si mbak tadi njelasin kalo emang bank mandiri ada kerjasama sama UNUD..sehingga beberapa data alumni diberikan ke bank mandiri.. Hmmm..baru ngeh saya..”ya udah mas,,besok dateng aja buat interview..bawa CV sama surat lamaran ya!”..

Sempet bingung juga nih..mau interview..mana hari itu dapet tugas buat proposal penelitian Hibah UNUD belom kelar lagi..udah semaleman begadang bukan mikirin interview malah ngerjain proposal.. Nah mulai dari sini lah dimulai perjalanan serangkaian tes ODP bank mandiri, yang sempet membuat saya stress sampe diare 3 hari di saat harus menentukan mana yang harus saya pilih..tetep jadi dosen ( Udayana melalui jurusan nawarin beasiswa ikatan dinas..disekolahin S2 trus diangkat jadi dosen PNS) atau seandainya diterima di ODP bank mandiri, milih berkarir di bank mandiri. Btw initinya saya akan mencantumkan hal-hal dan pengalaman saya selama tes ODP di bank mandiri.

1. Interview Awal

Interview ini make bahasa inggris, so persiapkan diri untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan menggunakan bahasa inggris. Pengalaman saya, yang menginterview pertama kali masih pake bahasa indonesia..yang ditanya :

• Apakah anda bersedia ditempatkan di seluruh Indonesia? ( sebaiknya anda menjawab langsung tanpa ragu2 dengan kata “ya saya siap”)
• Apakah anda ada rencana menikah dalam waktu dekat? ( sebaikanya anada juga jawab tanpa ragu2 “tidak pak”)
• Selanjutnya akan ada perkenalan..dan anda akan dipersilakan untuk memperkenalkan diri anda dan menjawab semua pertanyaan dalam bahasa inggris.
• Ceritakan tentang diri anda.
• Ceritakan pencapaian terbesar anda
• Sebutkan kelebihan dan kekurangan anda.
• Sebutkan langkah2 yang sudah diambil untuk mengurangi kekurangan anda.
• Sebutkan cita-cita / pandangan anda akan menjadi seperti apa dalam 5-10 tahun ke depan.
• Dan yang paling susah terakhir adalah , apabila nantinya jika anda telah diterima di bank mandiri, apabila ada bank lain menawarkan kompensasi lebih kepada anda untuk pindah ke bank tersebut, apa yang akan anda lakukan?
• Setelah interview, saya diminta untuk menunggu sebentar untuk menunggu hasil pengumuman interview. Apabila lolos maka akan diberikan jadwal untuk test TOEFL.

2. Test TOEFL

Test TOEFL yang digunakan adalah test TOEFL ITP dari IIEF , so kalo ada yang punya waktu untuk latihan bisa latihan untuk ikut test TOEFL ITP di lembaga penyelenggara TOEFL. Beruntung sebelumnya saya penah mengikuti test TOEFL serupa di NESO jakarta dan surabaya. Dari desas-desusnya yang lolos harus lebih dari 500 skornya..,sebagai perbandingan saya pernah mencoba test TOEFL di NESO 2 x dan hasilnya adalah 507 dan 517 (saya lulus tahap TOEFL).

3. Aptitude Test

Jangka waktu saya menunggu hasil dari Test TOEFL hampir seminggu, dan pemberitahuannya melalui sms ke no HP. So harap perhatikan no HP yang diberikan ke bank harus valid dan usahakan HP tetap hidup saat menunggu pengumuman. Untuk test  ini , bank mandiri bekerja sama dengan SHL, sebuah lembaga independen yang dikhususkan untuk Psikopat..eh salah Psikotest maksudnya.. . Jadi sebelumnya bisa mencoba2 dulu di webnya www.shl.com . Pada saat mengerjakan jujur saja saya hanya mengisikurang dari separuh pada bagian numerical test dan kurang satu nomer pada bagian verbal test. Namun saya berusaha untuk mengerjakan yang memang saya bisa dan hampir 85% saya yakin jawaban saya benar. Pada saat test kepribadian pun saya memilih untuk menjawab dengan jujur walaupun misalnya pilihan tersebut terdengan kurang keren atau kurang bagus. Yang penting Be your self..yajinlah kalo memang anda cocok dengan kriteria bank mandiri , maka anda akan lolos.

4. Leaderless Group Discussion

Waktu menunggu pengumuman kali ini paling lama yaitu 2 minggu, kali disebabkan ada hari raya nyepi ya di bali waktu itu.. Pada test ini anda akan diminta untuk bergabung dalam grup-grup kecil (4-5 orang) untuk bersama-sama memecahkan sebuah permasalahan. So be active, tapi tetap sopan. Usahakan jangan menjatuhkan pendapat teman 1 tim. Apabila usul anda sampai diterima oleh tim itu sangat bagus. Ingat diskusi ini sifatnya Leaderless, jadi janan mendominasi dan bertindak sebagai pemimpin diskusi.

5. Medical Check UP

Pada tahap ini anda akan diminta untuk melakukan general medical check up, meliputi , tes darah, urione, EKG(jantung),pendengaran,mata,THT, fisiologi oleh internist,foto thorax(tulang belakang), rontgen abdomen (ginjal,hati,dll).Manfaatkan waktu jeda pengumuman test tahapa sebelumnya untk menjada kesehatan tubuh dan berolah raga. hehe walaupun saya sendiri tidak melakukannya,,gimana mau olah raga nyiapin fisik, pemebritahuan medical check H-1..hihihi

6. Final Interview Board of Directors

yah..finally kalo udah sampe tahap ini, peluang untuk bergabung udah sangat besar sekali..pada tahap ini anda akan diinterview oleh salah satu direksi bank mandiri, jadi anda akan diminta untuk mengenakan pakaian formal *sekali , pake jas dan dasi..hehehe.. Inti pertanyaan hampir sama seperti tahap interview awal, hanya saja menggunakan bahasa indonesia. Disni sepertinya yang dilihat adalah kesungguhan dan komitmen anda untuk bergabung di bank mandiri. Saran saya jika sudah sampai pada tahap ini anda harus yakin untuk bergabung dengan bank mandiri. Pada kasus-kasus tertentu, wawancara akan diadakan di daerah asal, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan seperti yang saya alami , interview di lakukan di jakarta tepatnya di gedung plaza mandiri lantai 12. jadi siap2kan uang untuk beli tiket pesawat..hehe

Setelah tahap terakhir anda akan diberi pemberitahuan untuk lolos atau tidak bergabung dalam Officer Development Program Bank Mandiri..apabila anda dinyatakan lolos..maka anada akan diminta untuk memenuhi jadwal tanda tangan kontrak.

Finally, akhirnya setelah ttd kontrak..Selamat bergabung di Bank Mandiri ” Terdepan, terpercaya, tumbuh bersama anda” !!

Mudah2an tulisan ini bisa bermanfaat..hiks..btw…nasib ku kok aneh ya..dipisahin sendiri dari rombongan dari bali..temen2 dari bali semua jadi angakatan 61 udah mulai kuliah di LPPI kemang mulai tgl 14 april besok..aku kapan yaa?? Bakal digabung sama batch angakatan berapa ya?? huaaa….

Today  I have take look some courses which is offered by Erasmus Mundus. There are some program be related with my field , computer science . One of them is NORDSECMOB – Masters programme in Security and Mobile Computing and MAPNET – Masters on Photonic Networks engineering .

For the firs time i attracted with course that offered by NORDSECMOB but the admission deadline is December 1 2009 and i am not ready especially with the English certificate ex TOEFL or IELTS. The minimum requirement is 550 for TOEFL or 6.5 for IELTS. My TOEFL score just for 507 and I still join a TOEFL Preparation Course to gain a higher TOEFL score. MAPNET deadline is January, 10 2010 . I think i still have a chance for MAPNET.  I know that is a great challenge to get 550 TOEFL fora m0nth.  Yeah life must go on and everyone must struggle to reach their dream. Jiayou

The first thing that attacted me to became a paid reviewer is the easy way to get money. He have told to me about 200$ income /month. What a big money! i think. Just after he explain a short step to me to became a paid reviewer , i get to try it.  The first thing that you should have to became a paid reviewer is a blog. Your blog have alive in the internet for 3 month and then you should sign up an account to some broker for example is blovertise or blogvertiser whom would give you a job.

I add 1-N cardinality in relationships and PROJECT and BAGIAN because:
- 1 BAGIAN can handle a lot of PROJECT and,
- Many PROJECT  can be handled by 1 BAGIAN

Therefore, it is then there are rules that I use during the mapping. Rules are:
1. If the relation 1-N in the primary key (1) move to (N) and vice versa applies.
2. If the relationship M-N will be created a new table with the primary key of each entity will be became the primary  key in the new table.
3. If the relationship 1-1 then choose  higher  cardinality to put primary key for a foreign key in relation table .
4. If the dependent relationships of the primary key table dependent primay key derived from the mother entity.

So from that rules, i struggle to mapping that ERD, here isi the tables :

Fro that mapping above, we can see that tables created from mapping have meet 3NF normalization.  Because the relation should not have a nonkey attribute functionally determined by another nonkey attribute ( or by a set of nonkey attributes). That is, there should be no transitive dependency of a non key primary key.

Database design process (review):
- Gather user needs / business
- Develop a needs-based ER Model user / business
- Convert E-R model to the set of relations –> tables in database
- Normalisasikan relations, to remove anomalies
- Implemented to create a database with a table for each relationship that is  normalization

Database normalization
- Normalization process is the establishment of the database structure so that most of the ambiguity can be removed.
- Normalization stage, starting from the most mild (1NF) to most stringent (5NF)
- Usually only up to the level of 3NF or BCNF because already sufficient to generate the good quality table.

Why do normalization?
- Optimizing table structures
- Increase speed
- The income data is the same
- More efficient in the use of storage media
- Reduce redundancy
- Avoid anomalies (insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update anomalies).
- Improved data integrity

A table can be effient/good table if the table meet the 3 following criteria:
- If there is decomposition  table, it must be guaranteed have safe decomposition (Lossless-Join Decomposition). That is, after the table is described a new table-table, the table-table can generate a new table with the same exact.
- Maintain dependence on the functional changes in data (Dependency preservation).
- Does not violate Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF)
If the three criteria (BCNF) can not be met, then at least the table does not violate the Normal Form of the third stage (3rd Normal Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency
Functional Dependency describes a relationship attributes in relation
An attribute said functionally dependant on the other, if we use the value attribute to determine the value of the other attributes.
Symbol that is used (->) to represent the functional dependency.

Notation: A -> B
A and B are attributes of a table. A means of determining the functional B or B depends on A,
if and only if there are 2 rows of data with the same value of A, then B is also the same value
Notation: A -> B or A x-> B
It is the opposite of the previous notation.

Functional Dependency:
NRP -> Name
Mata_Kuliah, NRP -> Value
Non Functional Dependency:
Mata_Kuliah -> NRP
NRP -> Value

Functional Dependency of the table value
Nrp -> Name
Because for each value Nrp the same, then the value of the same name
(Mata_kuliah, NRP) -> Value
Because the value of attributes depending on the NRP and Mata_kuliah together.
In another sense Mata_kuliah for the NRP and the same, they also rated the same,
because Mata_kuliah and the NRP is a key (is unique).
Mata_kuliah -> NRP
NRP -> Value

FIRST NORMAL FORM 1NF
A table on the form said to be normal if I did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty)
Not allowed:
Many attributes of value (Multivalued attributes).
Attributes composite or a combination of both.
So: Price is the domain attribute must be atomic rates

The table above does not meet the requirements 1NF

Decomposition as follows :

SECOND NORMAL FORM – 2NF
Normal form 2NF met in a table if it meets the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full
Functional Dependency on primary key
A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that dependency (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key)
If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed

Functional dependency X -> Y is full if it is said to delete an attribute A from X means that Y is no longer dependent functional.
Functional dependency X -> Y said if deleting a partial attribute A from X means that Y is functionally dependent.
Relation scheme R in the form 2NF if every non-primary key attribute A e R depend on the full primary key fungsioanl R.

Does not meet 2NF, because (NIM, KodeMk) is regarded as the primary key:
(NIM, KodeMk) -> NamaMhs
(NIM, KodeMk) -> Address
(NIM, KodeMk) -> Matakuliah
(NIM, KodeMk) -> SKS
(NIM, KodeMk) -> NilaiHuruf
Table needs to be some table decomposition eligible 2NF

Functional dependency as follows:
(NIM, KodeMk) -> NilaiHuruf (fd1)
NIM -> (NamaMhs, Address) (fd2)
KodeMk -> (Matakuliah, SKS) (fd3)
So that:
fd1 (NIM, KodeMk, NilaiHuruf) -> Value Table
fd2 (NIM, NamaMhs, Address) -> Table Student
fd3 (KodeMk, Matakuliah, SKS) -> Table MataKuliah

THIRD NORMAL FORM – 3NF
Normal form 3NF fulfilled if the form meets 2NF, and if there are no non-primary key attribute
that has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (transitive dependencies).

The following table meet 2NF, but not meet 3NF :

Because there are non-primary key attribute (ie, City and Provincial), which has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (ie KodePos):
KodePos -> (City, Province)

So that the table should be dicomposition as follows:
Student (NIM, NamaMhs, Road, KodePos)
KodePos (KodePos, Province, City)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form constraint has a stronger form of the Normal third.
To be BNCF, relations must be in the form of 1NF and forced each of the attributes depends on the function in the super key attributes.
In the example below there is a relationship seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.
Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar.
Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM and Seminar in this example show a Pembimbing.

4 NORMAL FORM and 5 NORMAL FORM
Relations in the fourth normal form (NF 4) if the relation in BCNF and dependency not contain many values.
To remove the dependency of many values from a relation, we divide the relationship into two new relations.
Each relation contains two attributes that have a lot of relationship value.
Relations in fifth normal form (5NF) deal with the property called the join without any loss of information (lossless join).
Fifth normal form (also called the 5 NF PJNF (projection join normal form).
The case is very rare and appear difficult to detect in practice.

A set of data stored in the magnetic disk, optical disk or other secondary storage

Collection of integrated data-related data of an enterprise (company, government or private)

Manufacturing companies -> data production planning, actual production data, data ordering materials, etc.

Hospital -> patient data, doctor, nurse, etc.

Database Management System

- Collection / database combined with software applications that are based database

- Application programs are used to access and maintain databases

- The main purpose DBMS is to provide an environment that is efficient and easy to use, withdrawal and storage of data and information

Size in Database

Bit -> data is the smallest that contains the value 0 or 1

Bytes -> the set of bit-bit similar

Field -> byte-byte set of similar, in the database used the term attribute

Field / Attribute

It is the nature or characteristics of an entity that provides provide detail on these entities

A relationship can also have attributes

Example attributes:

STUDENTS: NIM, NAME, ADDRESS

CAR: NOMOR_PLAT, COLOR, TYPE, CC

Attribute Type :

- Single vs Multivalue

Single -> can only be filled at most one value

Multivalue -> can be filled with more than one value with the same type

- Atomic vs Composit

Atomic -> can not be divided into the attributes of smaller

Composition -> is a combination of several attributes of a smaller

- Derived attribute

attribute value can be derived from other attribute values, eg, -> age resulting from the date of birth attribute

- Null Value attribute

Attributes that have no value to a record

- Mandatory attribute Value

Attributes must have values

Record / Tuple

It is a line of data in a relationship

Consists of the set of attributes where the attribute-attribute-attribute is to inform each

other entity / relationship fully

Entity / File

File is a collection of similar records and have the same elements, the same attributes but different data value.

File Type

In processing applications, files can categorized as follows:

- Master File

- Transaction File

- File Report

- File History

- File Protection

- Job File

Domain

Domain is the set of values that are allowed to reside in one or more attributes.

Each attribute in a relational database is defined as a domain

Key Element

Key elements of record which is used to find these records at the time of access,

or can also be used to identify each entity / record / line.

Key Type :

- Superkey

is one or more attributes of a table that can be used to identify entity / record

of the table are unique (not all attributes can be superkey)

- Candidate Key

is a super key with minimal attributes. Candidate must not contain a key attribute

of the table so that the other candidate key is certain superkey but not necessarily vice versa.

- Primary Key

One of the key attributes of the candidate can be selected / specified a primary key with

the three following criteria:

1. Key is more natural to use as reference

2. Key is more simple

3. Key is guaranteed unique

- Alternate Key

is an attribute of the candidate key is not selected to be primary key.

- Foreign Key

is any attribute that points to the primary key in another table. Foreign key will be going on a relationship that has cardinality one to many (one to many) or many to many (many to many). Foreign key is usually always put on the table that point to many.

- External Key

is a lexical attribute (or set of lexical attributes) that values are always identify an object instance.

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

ERD is a model of a network that uses word order is stored in the abstract system.

Differences between the DFD and ERD

DFD is a model of network functions that will be implemented by the system

ERD is a model that emphasizes the network data on the structure and relationship data

ERD’s Elements :

- Entity

In the ER Diagram Entity is described with the form of a rectangle. Rntity is something that exists in the real system and the abstract where the data stored or where there are data.

- Relationship

ER diagram on the relationship can be described with a lozenge. Relationship is a natural relationship that occurs between entities. In general, the name given to the verb base making it easier to do the reading their relationship.

- Relationship Degree

is the number of entities participating in a relationship. Degree which is often used in the ERD.

- Attribute

is the nature or characteristics of each entity and relationship

- Cardinality

tuple indicates the maximum number that can be related with entities on the other entity

Relationship Degree :

- Unary Relationship

model is the relationship between the entity originating from the same entity set.

- Binary Relationship

model is the relationship between 2 entities.

- Ternary Relationship

is a relationship between the instance of 3 types of entities are unilateral.

There are 3 cardinality relations, namely :

- One to One: Level one to one relationship with the one stated in the entity’s first event, only had one relationship with one incident in which the two entities and vice versa.

- One to Many or Many to One: Level one to many relationship is the same as the one to many depending on the direction from which the relationship .For an incident on the first entity can have any relationship with many incident on the second entity, if the one incident on the entity the second can only have one relationship with the incident on the first entity.

- Many To Many: if any incident occurs in an entity many have relationships with other entities in the incident.

DFD goal :

- Describes the distribution of the modules to a smaller point of view

- Easier for users with less understanding to understand the field of computer systems that will be done

DFD consist of 3 diagrams , there are :

1. Context Diagram
2. Zero Diagram
3. Detailed Diagram

Context Diagram

1. DFD consists of a process and describe the scope of a system
2. Is the highest level of the DFD that describes the entire system to the input of the system and the output
3. System is limited by system’s boundary
4. No storage

Zero Diagram

1. Describes the process of the DFD
2. Providing views on the overall system in which, showing the main function or process that is, the flow of data and entity eskternal
3. At this level of data storage possible
4. To process that does not dirinci again on the next level then added to the symbol ‘*’ or ‘P’ at the end of the process
5. Balance of input and output (balancing) between 0 to diagram context diagram should be maintained

Detailed Diagram

Is a diagram that decipher what is the process in the diagram zero level or above

Numbering level in the DFD:

In one level there should be no more than 7 units and the maximum of 9, when more should be done in the decomposition

Process Specification :

1. Each process in the DFD must have a specification process
2. At the top level method is used to describe the process can use a sentence with descriptive
3. At a more detailed level, namely on the bottom (functional primitive) requires specification of a more structured
4. Specification process will be the guideline for the programmer to make this program (coding)
5. Method used in the specification process: the process of disintegration in the form of a story, decision table, decision tree

External Input

1. Something that is outside the system, but it provides data in the system or to provide data from the system
2. Symbol by notation
3. External entity not part of the system including
4. Naming:
   • The name of the form of noun
   • Terminal may not have the same name except the same objects

Flow of Data

1. Place for flow of information
2. Depicted with the straight line that connects the components of the system
3. Data flow direction is indicated with arrows and lines give the name on the flow of data that flows
4. Flow data flow between processes, data storage and data flow indicates that the form of data input for the system

Guidelines of the name:

1. Name of the flow of data that consists of some words associated with the flow lines connect
2. No flow data for the same and the name should reflect its content
3. The flow of data that consists of several elements can be expressed with the group element
4. Avoid using the word ‘data’ and ‘information’ to give a name to the flow of data
5. Wherever possible the complete flow of data is written

Other provisions:

1. Name of the flow of data into a process may not be the same as the name of the data flow out of the process
2. Data flow into or out of data storage does not need to be given a name if:
   • The flow of data simple and easy to understand
   • Describes the data flow of all data items
3. There can be no flow of data from the terminal to the data storage, or vice versa because the terminal is not part of the system, the relationship with the terminal data storage must be through a process

Process

1. The process is what is done by the system
2. The process can process data flows or data entry into the flow of data out
3. Transform the process of working one or more of the input data into one or more of the output data in accordance with the desired specifications
4. Each process has one or more inputs and produce one or more output
5. The process also often called bubble

Guidelines of the process:

1. Name of the process consists of a verb and noun, which reflects the function of the process
2. Do not use the process as part of the name of a bubble
3. May not have some process that has the same name
4. The process should be given a number. Order number wherever possible to follow the flow of the process or sequence, but the sequence number does not mean that the absolute is a process in chronological order

Data storage

1. Data storage is a storage place for data that exists in the system
2. Disimbolkan with a pair of parallel lines or two lines with one side open side
3. The process can retrieve data from or provide data to the database
4. Guidelines of the name:
   • The name should reflect the data storage
   • When his name more than one word must be marked with the number

DFD  Symbol :

Data Library

• Work to help the system to interpret the application in detail and organize all elements of the data used in the system precisely so that the system analyst and have a basic understanding of the same input, output, storage and process
• At analysis, the data dictionary is used as a means of communication between the systems analyst with the
• At the system design, data dictionary is used to design input, reports and databases
• Flow data on the global DAD, further details can be seen in the data dictionary

Load the data dictionary as follows:

• Name of data flow: must note that readers who need further explanation about a flow of data can find it easily
• Alias: alias or other name of the data can be written when there is
• Forms of data: used to segment the data dictionary to use when designing the system
• Flow data: indicates from which data flows and where the data
• Description: to give an explanation of the meaning of the data flow

Balancing In DFD

• The flow of data into and out of a process must be the same as the flow of data into and out of the details of the process on the level / levels below
• Name of the data flow into and out of the process must match the name of the flow of data into and out of the details of the process
• Number and the name of an entity outside the process must be equal to the number of names and entities outside of the details of the process
• The issues that must be considered in the DFD which have more than one level:
• There must be a balance between input and output of one level and next level
• Balance between level 0 and level 1 at the input / output of stream data to or from the terminal on level 0, while the balance between level 1 and level 2 is seen on the input / output of stream data to / from the process concerned
• Name of the flow of data, data storage and terminals at each level must be the same if the same objects

Restrictions in DFD

• Flow data may not be from outside the entity directly to other outside entities without going through a process
• Flow data may not be from the savings directly to the data to outside entities without going through a process
• Flow data may not be saving the data directly from the savings and other data without going through a process
• Flow data from one process directly to the other without going through the process of saving data should / be avoided as much as possible

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